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Sonication
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A sonicator at the
Weizmann Institute of Science during sonication
Sonication is the act of applying sound (usually
ultrasound) energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes. In the laboratory, it is usually applied using an ultrasonic bath or an ultrasonic probe, colloquially known as a sonicator. In a
paper machine, an
ultrasonic foil can distribute cellulose fibres more uniformly and strengthen the paper.
Sonication has numerous effects, both chemical and physical. The chemical effects of ultrasound, i.e., or Instead, sonochemistry arises from acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid.
Sonication can be used to speed dissolution, by breaking intermolecular interactions. It is especially useful when it is not possible to stir the sample, as with
NMR tubes. It may also be used to provide the energy for certain chemical reactions to proceed. Sonication can be used to remove dissolved gases from liquids (
degassing) by sonicating the liquid while it is under a vacuum. This is an alternative to the freeze-pump-thaw and
sparging methods.
In biological applications, sonication may be sufficient to disrupt or deactivate a biological material. For example, sonication is often used to
disrupt cell membranes and release cellular ...
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