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Confounding
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"Confounding factor" redirects here. For other uses, see
Confounding factor (disambiguation).
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In statistics, a confounding variable (also confounding factor, lurking variable, a confound, or confounder) is an
extraneous variable in a
statistical model that
correlates (positively or negatively) with both the
dependent variable and the
independent variable. The methodologies of scientific studies therefore need to account for these variables - either through experimental design, in which case, one achieves
control, or through statistical means, in which case we are said to account for them - to avoid a
false positive (Type I) error; an erroneous conclusion that the dependent variables are in a
causal relationship with the
independent variable. Such a relation between two observed variables is termed a
spurious relationship. Thus, confounding is a major threat to the validity of inferences made about cause and effect, i.e.
internal validity, as the observed effects should be attributed to the independent variable rather than the confounder.
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