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Civil service - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Civil service
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Civil servant)
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The
Roman civil service in action.
Mary and
Joseph of Nazareth register for the census before Governor
Quirinius, mosaic 1315?20.
The term civil service has two distinct meanings:
A branch of governmental service in which individuals are employed on the basis of professional merit as proven by competitive examinations.
The body of employees in any government agency other than the military.
A civil servant or public servant is a person in the public sector employed for a government department or agency. The term explicitly excludes the armed services, although civilian officials will work at "Defence Ministry" headquarters. The term always includes the (sovereign) state's employees; whether regional, or sub-state, or even municipal employees are called "civil servants" varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom, for instance, only
Crown employees are referred to as civil servants, county or city employees are not.
Many consider the study of civil service to be a part of the field of
public administration. Workers in "non-departmental public bodies" (sometimes called "
QUANGOs") may also be classed as civil servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms and conditions. Collectively a state's civil servants form its Civil Service or Public Service.
Administrative institutions usually grow out of the personal servants of high officials, as in the Roman Empire. This developed a complex administrative structure, which is outlined in the
Notitia Dignitatum and the work of
John Lydus, but as far as we know appointments to it were made entirely by inheritance or patronage and not on merit, and it was also possible for officers to employ other people to carry out their official tasks but continue to draw their salary themselves. There are obvious parallels here with the early bureaucratic structures in modern states, such as...
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