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Brittleness - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Brittleness
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"Brittle" redirects here. For other uses, see
Brittle (disambiguation).
Brittle fracture in glass
Brittle fracture in
cast iron tensile testpieces
Graph comparing stress-strain curves for brittle and ductile materials
A
material is brittle if, when subjected to
stress, it breaks without significant deformation (
strain). Brittle materials absorb relatively little
energy prior to fracture, even those of high
strength. Breaking is often accompanied by a snapping sound. Brittle materials include most
ceramics and
glasses (which do not deform plastically) and some
polymers, such as
PMMA and
polystyrene. Many
steels become brittle at low temperatures (see
ductile-brittle transition temperature), depending on their composition and processing.
When used in
materials science, it is generally applied to materials that fail in
tension rather than
shear, or when there is little or no evidence of
plastic deformation before failure.
When a material has reached the limit of its strength, it usually has the option of either deformation or fracture. A naturally
malleable metal can be made stronger by impeding the mechanisms of plastic deformation (reducing
grain size,
dispersion strengthening,
work hardening, etc.), but if this is taken to an extreme, fracture becomes the more likely outcome, and the material can become brittle. Improving material
toughness is therefore a balancing act.
Contents
Toughening
This principle generalizes to other classes of material. Naturally brittle materials, such as
glass, are not difficult to toughen effectively. Most such...
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